Journal of Coastal Research, 14: 407417. But if we add humans to these beaches what do we get. Furthermore, extraction of building materials such as sand affects coral reefs, mangroves, and hinterland forests, leading to erosion and destruction of habitats. The content will depend upon the management strategy chosen but there are a number of threads that are worthy of credit: knowledge and understanding of how structural geology influences the development of the selected landform(s) - this may include reference to mineral composition, solubility and hardness. the transport and deposition of sediment may provide opportunities for the extraction of sand and gravel Why does your favorite beach seem to be disappearing? [15]. An assessment of changes over geographical space They can think, reason, feel and make deductions or hypothesis and seek to solve or prove their deductions or theories. Understanding of the link between processes and the formation of the selected erosional landform The cost of this over the years is well into the millions and although replenishing the beaches with sand is helpful now, it is hardly a long term solution (Fox). The content may vary according to the landscape but may include: New York: ASCE, Coastal Zone 89, pp. . Many time a maritime forests will form on secondary dunes. [5]. Used to compare different areas, and they are a useful visual aid as they can show differences clearly AO1 AO1 content encompasses knowledge and understanding of the positive impacts of human activity on the coastal landscape. St. Donat's Bay examination of currents - absence of strong currents can lead to build up of sediment the development of coral reefs and mangrove coastlines may attract tourists and lead to the development of a tourist industry The most important of these changes occur on the beach and typically are related to erosion of the beach. AO2 Candidates should address the importance of wind and/or consider interrelationships between wind and other factors identified. These processes could be sub aerial and/or marine, transport or depositional processes. Specific areas of sediment loss and gain should be identified to reach Band 3. The content will depend upon the time scale(s) and landform(s) chosen and may include: The increase in the use of fertilisers for agriculture and warming ocean waters has contributed to eutrophication of the Ocean in certain areas of the world. Knowledge and understanding of relevant case study material. knowledge and understanding of the operation of the management strategy Relevant responses could include: You have rejected additional cookies. The whole of the east coast of the USA used to bloom with trout. Candidates may make arguments, using evidence, to show that positive impacts on human activity outweigh negative impacts or conversely that negative impacts outweigh the positive. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 175, pp. Access to the beaches of barrier islands resulted in fill-type causeways. whether there has been improvement or reduction in the aesthetic character of the coast - Sorting is the process by which the standard deviation of clast size within a sediment becomes reduced. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (a) (i) Use Figure 1 to compare the shoreline changes shown at Location 1 and Location 2. meltwater moves to oceans Human impacts along the coastal zone are numerous, widespread in kind, and typically detrimental to . Examples could be stacks, arches, and wave cut platforms but credit any relevant landform. AO1 content encompasses knowledge and understanding of how erosional, and other valid, processes produce landforms. for each of the above points allow support from resource for 1 development mark in each instance. AO2. Special publications, vol 175. Reading exact data figures, easy? Encyclopedia of Coastal Science pp 530535Cite as, Part of the Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series book series (EESS). Cliff collapse in the south of the photo All points on scale? New York: ASCE, Coastal Sediments 77, pp. Location 1 has most decrease/erosion and greatest range e.g. lying. This realisation makes it all the more important that we take care of our environment, and our ever-expanding national Blue Belt, protecting more than 40% of English waters, is helping to safeguard these precious habitats for future generations. Climate change. It was not long before attempts to control erosion resulted in various types of structures such as jetties, groins, and seawalls. This may include: Headland The United Nations have declared that the next decade will focus on Ocean Science and ecosystem restoration. Overstrand/Mundesley have the widest variety of processes For some coastal regions, such as the Pacific coast, a large part of their sediment is supplied by rivers. Many of these are primarily the result of human actions and include ecosystem and landscape changes, sedimentation, pollution, over-abstraction and climate change.. Landscape of blue carbon research from the perspective of bibliometrics. Once developed, communities make an effort to protect their beach homes and coastal businesses. -Infrastructure - Cliffs: 962928, 13. examination of how human intervention e.g. This erosion may be very apparent or seem to have happened overnight when it happens due to a large storm or extremely high tide. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. Herein, bacterial communities and soil carbon content in coastal wetland native areas . (a) (i) Use Figure 2 to describe the links between time, space and process. The geological structure incorporates bedding planes, dip, folding and faulting and can add distinctive features to these landforms. Relevant responses may include: -Geology, When answering 8 mark questions data presentation go through: Data Presentation: Part of Springer Nature. (a) (i) Use Figure 1 to analyse the economic impacts of high energy storm events. Use of colour in key? - Decrease in wave height leads to decrease in wave energy (1) water in ocean store increases [3], - presence of unconsolidated sand Significant areas of loss are located from 33 km to approximately 48 km reaching as low as -1.5 per year. Summary of beach nourishment along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico shoreline. Ease of construction This can be dangerous for kids and adults alike who are not careful when in the water, The erosion of shorelines is a natural process that can have beneficial or adverse impacts on the creation and maintenance of habitats. A study by Halpern et al. An examination of changes over time "Human activity affects coasts globally. Positive impacts could include the management and conservation of environmentally sensitive areas, the protection of areas of coastline from erosion as part of a shoreline management plan (SMP), where there has been an improvement of the coast as an amenity or where there is a perceived improvement in the aesthetic character of the coastline Geological Society, London, pp 293303, Davis RA, Hine AC, Bland MJ (1987) Midnight Pass, Florida: inlet instability due to man-related activities in Little Sarasota Bay. AO2 We can all be conservationists, and many people are doing their bit at home to protect the Ocean. Management of drumstick barrier islands. The work was completed between 9 April 2019 and 23 August 2019. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. AO2 -Transport, the extent to which there has been an improvement of the coast as an amenity crenelated cliff top indicating retreat -Industrial, The content will depend upon the example or examples given but there are a number of threads that will be common for credit. 1. The specification identifies the following landforms as depositional - beaches, spits, bars, tombolos and cuspate forelands. National Research Council, 1995. Knowledge and understanding of other processes that may form selected erosional landform - transport, deposition Find out ways you can #thinkocean. Aeolian transportation is when the wind transports sediment. Domestic Marine Minister, Rebecca Pow, said: Whether it is to enjoy a sport, take a walk, watch the wildlife or to simply admire the landscape, for many of us spending time by the sea is not only hugely enjoyable, but it has a welcome impact on our well-being too. Davis, R.A., Jr., and Barnard, P.L., 2000. (c) Outline how coastal sediment is transported by traction. The content may vary according to the landform but may include: 14. deposition where wind speed falls behind obstacles Beaches like, Brighton beach, bells beach, Florida beach, etc, used to be plain. The high cost of London properties has caused for businesses to move out towards the coast, Many UK coastal resorts have universities and young populations that allow companies to expand there. (eds) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. 2. Human activities add another layer of complexity to the natural processes of coastal lands and materials. The Human Impact on Coastal Landscape. (a) (i) Calculate the values of the highlighted cells, A, B and C in Figure 2. The price of good farmland has risen sharply, from 2400 per hectare in 1995 to 30,000 in 2015. This is more than half the world's population. Usefulness: sequestration is a nature-based solution to environmental problems caused by climate change and has a significant positive impact on the planet and human well-being. Suggest one reason for the variation in the importance of wind erosion. Orientation of the coast - some sections of coastline may be exposed to stronger winds development and growth of settlements / growth of tourism encouraged by beautiful and dramatic coastal scenery / increased trade due to port access / development of fishing industry / increased recreation opportunities on beaches and in ports and harbours / economic development as a result of trade and commerce / improved transport links and any other valid suggestion. Assessment of positive against negative impacts Date: November 4, 2008. Location 2 shows less fluctuation in rates of erosion A new issue facing the Ocean is that of deep sea mining. AO1 Recognition that other processes can also play a part in the formation of the identified landform e.g. [2], linear clefts in a cliff / narrow inlet, 4. This may include: There are, however, a number of evidence gaps which we wish to further explore, such as the effects of marine environments on obesity prevalence in children and Vitamin D in adults, or the life stage at which nature-based interventions are most effective, and how they may vary among economic, social and cultural groups in the population. provision of sediment as erosional tools AO1 larger waves have more power the importance of factors such as wave characteristics (such as fetch, wave type and wave orientation) Weybourne only has landslides When answering 8 mark questions usefulness of photographs and field sketches go through: Both help provide visual aids to a study by distinctively showing the differences in physical environments. This means that all our day to day rubbish that we drop or leave on the park bench ends up in the sea. AO2 content encompasses the application of knowledge and understanding to evaluate the importance of longshore drift in the development of selected depositional landform(s). There have been many disastrous chemical spills at sea and from industry on land, affecting animals immediately via ingestion, or long term, in changes to reproduction cycles and other biological processes. Assessment of human versus other activity in the production of positive impacts - e.g. Aspects of the photograph addressed can be development of shape, position and process. type of process changes with time/spatial scale - marine to fluvial and glacial natural colonization of dune systems to halt erosion Bays This may include such aspects as coastal locations, shape, magnitude 3.6 billion People live near or around a coast. Knowledge and understanding of how alternative process contribute to the development of depositional landforms. Overbuilding and extensive paving of shorelines can result in destruction of habitats and disruption of land-sea connections such as sea-turtle nesting spots. Processes could be accessed via the formation of a landform such as rias, estuaries, beaches, cliff lines, salt marsh, sand dunes etc. Damage to housing shown on photo Shore Protection Manual, Volume 1. In England, 271 million recreational visits are made to coastal environments annually and more than 22 million people live within 5 miles of the coast. Sand dunes act as a natural barrier against coastal storms and beach erosion caused by strong, destructive wind and waves. (b) Suggest two reasons why the rate of deposition varies along a coastline. Some students may also identify the low energy features of the landscape and will highlight the beach as the main characteristic landform of this particular environment. Certain fishing practices not only contribute to overfishing of their target species, but also damage the environment by dredging the seabed or catching other species that are thrown back dead. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science pp 983991Cite as, Part of the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series book series (EESS). examination of the role of vegetation - increased deposition aided by plants in marshes and dunes Accept any valid coastal processes but more than one is needed for Band 3. Answers may conclude that longshore drift has a major part or variable influence on the development of selected landform(s). ASCE, New York, pp 20622077, Lynch-Blosse MA, Davis RA (1977) Stability of Dunedin and Hurricane Passes, Pinellas County, Florida. This research (Evidence Statement) was drawn from 46 peer-reviewed papers. the role of biotic factors It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Overstrand has highest water erosion, 16. As floodwater carries material from the eroded . Assessment of varying perceptions of positive impacts by different stakeholders, 17 (a) (i) Use Figure 2 in the Resource Folder to identify characteristics of both high and low energy coastal environments. cluster in North Wales Knowledge and understanding of the processes operating over a time scale of seasons - variations in wave type, variations in wind, flood pulses Between the barrier beach and the main coast is the Great South Bay. [2], - rolling Identification of landforms with little description may get into Band 2, 11 (b) Examine the role of sub aerial processes in the formation of one or more landforms of coastal erosion. The content will depend upon the strategy chosen and may include: Physical [5]. Recognition that the role of marine processes can vary for the same landform between locations. (ii) Explain why wave fetch may affect the erosion of this coastal landscape. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. Shows any visual changes over time of the environment Credit any other valid points. the impact of the strategy on processes operating in adjacent parts of the coastal system The effects of human activity on coastal landscape. AO2 - vegetation can consolidate sand dunes, EDEXCEL geography coasts topic + exam style q, Evaluate the view that rates of coastal reces, ES2002 - Metamorphic Petrology and Processes, ES2003 - Ocean Circulation and Chemistry Week, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Great news for a joined up global effort to protect the Ocean. Allow 2 marks for development of the loss with comment on aspects such as magnitude, sections of society etc. Distances between collection points? knowledge and understanding of other processes that are part of the development of the landform such as weathering, marine erosion and mass movement (b) Discuss the view that coastal processes have a mainly positive impact on human activity. Usefulness of Graphs: Assessment of positive impacts over time - increase or decrease Sediment starvation caused by river and coastal management is one effect of human activities on the coast. Coastal erosion is to blame. (a) (i) Use Figure 2 to describe variations in the percentage of properties at risk from coastal erosion and flooding. (b) Assess the positive impacts of human activity on the coastal landscape at one or more locations. Have students watch three videos about human activities that threaten the world ocean. weight of glaciers causing compression (a) (i) Use Figure 1 to suggest how mass movement is influencing the development of this coastal landscape. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. Examination of the role changing over time Erosion of the 12 apostles (only 9 left) has nothing to do with humans, where dramatic oil spill near coast ruins beaches, does have to do with humans. AO2 An examination of the role of one marine process in relation to other marine processes in the formation of one or more landforms. 6. AO2 Changes in Earth's climate have different effects in different areas of the world. To first understand the actual impact we have on coasts we have to understand what was before and what is now. Knowledge and understanding of the processes operating over a time scale of millennia - isostatic and eustatic changes A new study suggests that exposure to coastal environments can play a significant role in boosting human health and well-being, due to the therapeutic effects marine and coastal landscapes have. It is not possible to completely stop the power of natural forces from changing the coast. * The sand dunes on the beaches. An examination of the scale of the role of erosional processes magnitude of process changes with spatial scale [6], Possible approaches may include: content encompasses the application of knowledge and understanding to evaluate the relative importance of geology in the development of selected erosional landforms. 21. AO2 Candidates should apply knowledge and understanding to evaluate the impacts of human activity on the coastal environment. 92 67 Our applications were (lying, laying) in front of the file. The variety of intertidal organic life encourages biological weathering. Your answer should include: Swimming / Living / Sunbathing. How anthropogenic factors in the back-barrier area influence tidal inlet stability: examples from the Gulf Coast of Florida, U.S.A. The Ocean Conservation Trust is a charity of Ocean optimists taking action to protect and restore nature for a thriving Ocean. (a) Label Figure 1b to explain the processes responsible for the formation of landform X. -Does it provide specific information about the related event, ie strength etc The swash zone is the area of wet sand, caused by the incoming wave. [10]. EXAMPLE: The snapshots of our trip to Kenya are (lying, laying) on top of the photo album. South West Wales has limited number scars on the cliff face Washington, DC: National Academy Press. erosion of sediment from beach [6], lithological factors in the specification are mineral composition, hardness and solubility. Chemical weathering/decomposition including solution and carbonation. whether the reduction of impacts of human activity has been successful When water and wind batter the shoreline sediments are carried out to sea and deposited on the sea floor or at other points along the coastline. A geographical context for the management strategy The data that has been collected by both parties, thus far will hopefully bring a more cost effective and more long term solution for beach replenishment. This has been successful in reducing the amount of sand that is drawn out to sea. rise in sea level (slowly/over a long period of time) An examination of other time scales AO2 Do the unofficial footpaths have a detrimental/positive affect on species, . Stability of Dunedin and Hurricane Passes, Pinellas County, Florida. With millions of us visiting the coast every year, it is our collective responsibility to ensure that we have the right measures in place to allow our marine environment to thrive. ), Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and Geoarchaeology. 12. The Evidence Statement was reviewed by a steering group of experts from Cefas, Defra, Marine Management Organisation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, University of Aberdeen, University of Exeter, and University of Hull. Around the foreshore of both Long Beach and Nutgrove Beach, rocks have been added to the foreshore to prevent further erosion of the beach. A conclusion may be drawn in the context of the strategy chosen but a conclusion is not necessary in order to reach the top of Band 3. fixation of dunes AO2 Candidates demonstrate application of knowledge and understanding to evaluate the extent to which coastal processes (and their associated landforms) impact positively on human activity. Answers need to link elements of content below to formation of the reef - how they are related to the development of the reef. Easy to interpret? The coastline is rapidly eroding at an average of 1.8 metres a year. - 161.35.97.149. The beaches you frequent during the summer may seem to be getting smaller and smaller every year. The content will depend upon the impact chosen and may include: -Changes to climate etc) Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, last year designating a further 41 Marine Protection Zones. The sandy beach consists of two zones, the swash zone and the drift line. the importance of erosional processes or sub-aerial processes The content may vary according to the landform but may include an examination of: Knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of identified landforms that are linked to this scale and their link to process Many of such structures cause more problems than they solve. In: Stauble DM (ed) Barrier Islands: process and management. Physical weathering/disintegration by such processes as freeze-thaw action, salt crystallisation, and wetting and drying. (a) Use Figure 2 to describe the pattern of sediment gain and loss along this coastline. (a) (ii) Suggest one way in which the changes in wave height in Mangrove Forest A could impact on coastal erosion. Many countries have taken steps to ban single use plastic items like straws, drink stirrers and cotton buds. examination of wave types to show how more constructive wave action can increase deposition debris fan at foot of the cliff Knowledge and understanding of the positive impacts of these processes on human activity e.g. The human impact on the environment is the sum of all activities and behaviors that create both positive and negative changes that affect the Earth's sensitive ecosystem. It was not long before attempts to control erosion resulted in various types of structures such as jetties, groins, and seawalls. How human activities impact on coastal ecosystem during rapid urbanization is one of the hot spots in the coastal management study. The content will depend upon the landform(s) chosen and may include: Candidates may refer to how the impact of coastal processes may change over time. [2], political issues Knowledge and understanding of the processes of coastal transport - suspension, saltation and traction. Humans interact with the world around us every day, but some of our actions are more harmful than others. (b) Outline one positive impact of coastal processes on human activity. (20 marks). Such attempts to control the nature of changes on the beach are among the more negative impacts from humans. The report also warns that in the coming decades, climate change and extreme weather has the potential to jeopardise sensitive marine habitats, demonstrating the importance of the UKs network of Marine Protected Areas. Your partner always seems to have an exuse~ glacial weight removed from land Harbors and the navigational channels leading to them have resulted in some problems for estuaries. Knowledge and understanding of the processes operating over a time scale of seconds - mass movement, storm events, wave motion, tides and currents The government has taken steps to expand its Blue Belt of marine protection for Britains overseas territories and its own coast, last year designating a further 41 Marine Protection Zones, protecting species and habitats such as the rare stalked jellyfish and blue mussel beds. 2. spatial scale of process increases with time - micro scale over minutes whilst macro over centuries temporal variations in success, 11. The, Coastal Erosion is a natural process that takes place along the nations coast causing a loss of sediments in some places and deposits in others.3. "To fail the Amazon is to fail the biosphere, and we fail to act at our own peril." #amazon #humanimpact #agriculture #deforestation #landusechange Throughout history, humans have attempted to slow or alter the dynamic coastal zone. Various locations across the UK have tourist areas next to industries. Strength of winds - some places may be affected by strong winds whilst others may be sheltered Key scales? The Human Impact on Coastal Landscape. (a) Use Figure 1 in the Resource Folder to identify and locate two landforms on the section of high energy coast from Linney Head (883957) to St Govan's Head (975927). Deposition occurs when and where there is insufficient energy to move sediment further, and learners should understand the processes of sediment sorting and flocculation. AO2 content encompasses the application of knowledge and understanding to assess the relationship between human activity and positive impact. The report highlights the important role of marine conservation work as visits to marine and coastal areas with designated or protected status and those with higher levels of biodiversity were associated with higher levels of calmness, relaxation and revitalisation, compared to locations without this status. Headlands (b) Examine the role of coastal transport processes in the formation of one landform of coastal deposition. Row of houses lost to the south of the caravan park, 14. Assessment of the positive impacts of human activity in different places within one location or between locations Humans also impact the land around or near the coast. Knowledge of case study New York: ASCE, Coastal Sediments 87, pp. There are two types of coastal management: Hard engineering - this involves building structures to protect the coast. In: Finkl, C.W., Makowski, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. However, we have also shown that these benefits are threatened by marine pollution, coastal development, climate change and exposure to extreme weather. An examination of changes over geographical space in the formation of the chosen coastal landform/s. A Defra study shows that exposure to marine and coastal environments has positive effects on human health and well-being. melting of glaciers Significant areas of gain are located from 0 to 4 km and reaches 3 m per year.
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